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Notes and Sources, page 250.

Certain bounds to the time when their work was done are set by undisputed dates, such as the launch of Sputnik II and the day that their work became an official project.

Lee Pryor, who was at that time studying computing at Pennsylvania State University, confirms much of what Guier says about coding for the Univac.

The richness of information available on the Doppler curve (page 75) is apparent in a highly mathematical in-house paper (Part of APL's Bumblebee series) "Theoretical Analysis of the Doppler Radio Signals from Earth Satellites" published in April 1958.

Charles Bitterli remembers working on an algorithm for least squares (page 78).

Henry Elliott's memories corroborate Weiffenbach's view of himself as a painstaking researcher who would check the quality of data in detail (page 79).

Chapter eight: From Sputnik II to Transit

Project D-54, to determine a satellite orbit from Doppler data, APL archives (page 82).

Guier and Weiffenbach's briefing about their work (page 82) is from my interview with Harold Black.

Information about Guier's and Weiffenbach's early work on the ionosphere (page 82) is from interviews with Weiffenbach and Guier.

A textbook consulted on ionospheric refraction is The Feynman Lectures on Physics, volume one, chapter 28 (Addison Wesley, 1963).

Weiffenbach's memo to Richard Kershner and the first Transit proposal (pages 84 and 85) are in the archives of the Applied Physics Laboratory.

Henry Riblet told me of the need to modify the design of circularly polarized transmitters for Transit's spherical surface (page 85).

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