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Notes and Sources, page 235.

Milton Lomask (page 4). The book is part of the NASA History Series, SP4202.

Information about President Eisenhower's intelligence needs (pp 4-5) and his national security policy comes mainly from . . . the Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age, by Walter McDougall (Basic Books, 1985). This book addresses what has been the central mystery of the U.S. space program-why the Eisenhower administration chose the Vanguard rather than the Explorer program for the development of the first U.S. satellite.

The existence of the Killian panel is well known, and its existence is written about in numerous accounts of the time, but McDougall's discussion is the most exhaustive I encountered (page 4).

The most detailed and up-to-date information about the Killian panel (page 4) and its influence on the Eisenhower administration's policy and of the way that national security considerations impacted the development of the IGY are to be found in R. Cargill Hall's article "The Eisenhower Administration and the Cold War, Framing American Astronautics to Serve National Security in, Prologue, Quarterly of the National Archives.

The exact sequence of events in which Donald Quarles, assistant secretary of defense for research and development, approached senior scientists of the IGY is not clear when one looks at Cargill Hall's article and the sequence of events that surrounded planning of the IGY (page 5). However, minutes of the IGY suggest that in the light of Cargill Hall's article, some senior scientists other than Joseph Kaplan knew or guessed the national security agenda that necessitated developing a satellite with a largely civilian flavor.

The first meeting of the USNC of the IGY was chaired by Joseph Kaplan (page 3).

During the third meeting on November 5-6, 1954,James Van Allen commented on the usefulness of rocketry studies. At this time, though various international bodies had endorsed the idea of a satellite program :"forming part of the IGY, Van Allen's presentation referred to sounding

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